1.

The word democracy originates from the Greek "demos" meaning "the people" and "kratein" meaning "to rule" or "the people to rule" which meant literally: "Rule by the People."

Direct democracy(ancient Athenian model) : all the citizens take part in politics directly and all of tem vote on every issue

Representative/indirect democracy (modern model e.g. EU., USA, Hun etc. ) : people elect representatives to vote on issues in their name- because there are too many people and represetatives etc.

Magistrates: office holders/state officers

Demos: common ppl, the lower layers of soc (peasants, craftsmen, traders)

Aristocracy
Phalanx: soldiers protected eo with their own shields
Tyrants (self-made dictators) established tyrannies (government by one ruler with unrestricted power)

·        Temporary balances situation between the demos and the aristocracy ( demos wasn’t enough strong yet, arictocracy was no longer strong enough)

·        510BC: end of tyranny

Draco: 621 BC-law code

Debt ownership were cancelled, enslaved for debts were freed(seisakhteia)

Council of the 400 was reformed
Court of citizens  was formed

Cleisthenes established democracy

Territorial basis: city, coast, mainland -> made a phylae

Lagislation: every citizen ( man over 20) could be a member of assembly

Ostrakismos: suspected person’s name had to be written on an ostraka, and the osctracised person was exiled

Boule: council of the 500: main decision making istitution when the assembly wasn’t in session

Judical power: court of citisens or jury

2.

Causes: greek colonies Eretria, Athens helps Ionians, Persia is angry

Persian ruler: Darius (die din 486BC), Xerxses

Major battle: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis

Outcome: greeks win

Athens had a strong navy (Triremes)

Delian League: 478BC permanent alliance of 140 Greek city-states -> no actions could be taken without Athens

Peace Treaty of Callais: concluded persian wars, signed in 449BC

Persia gave up:

• Ionian cities in Asia minor
• Straits leading to Greece
• Claims of supremacy on the Aegean Sea